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Habeas Challenging Transfer to Private Prison Dismissed
The court of appeals for the Seventh circuit held that habeas corpus was not the proper means to challenge a state statute allowing states to confine their prisoners in private prisons in other states. The court also held that a lawsuit challenging prisoners' confinement in private prisons in other states is frivolous.
Several Wisconsin state prisoners filed habeas corpus petitions in federal court challenging the constitutionality of Wis.Stat.Ann. § 301.21(2m). This law authorizes Wisconsin prison officials to contract the captivity of Wisconsin prisoners to private prisons in other states. As previously reported in PLN, Wisconsin has over 4,000 of its prisoners being held in private prisons operated by Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) in Tennessee and Oklahoma. [PLN, Mar. 1999] The petitioners claimed that § 301.21(2m) violates the Thirteenth amendment to the US constitution. The district court dismissed the habeas petition. The appeals court affirmed.
As a preliminary matter, the court of appeals held that 42 U.S.C. § 1983, not habeas corpus, is the proper means by which to challenge a state statute. Simply put, habeas can be used only if a prisoner is seeking to "'get out' of custody in a meaningful sense." Habeas cannot, as a general rule, be used to challenge transfers between prisons.
Having concluded the challenge should have been brought as a section 1983 action, the court held dismissal of the habeas petitions was the proper course of action, as opposed to converting the petitions into § 1983 actions. The prisoners would therefore be free to refile the case as a section 1983 suit. The court held it would have been improper for the district court to simply convert the petitions itself.
Turning to the merits, the court advised the prisoners not to refile the petitions as § 1983 actions. Because "... they would be foolish to do so. They will merely waste their money and earn a strike. The claims are thoroughly frivolous. The Thirteenth amendment, which forbids involuntary servitude, has an express exception for persons imprisoned pursuant to conviction for crime. Nor are we pointed to or can we think of any other provision of the constitution that might be violated by the decision of a state to confine a convicted prisoner in a prison owned by a private firm rather than by a government. A number of cases assume the propriety of such confinements, ... and to our knowledge no judge has opined to the contrary.... A prisoner has a legally protected interest in the conduct of his keeper, but not in the keeper's identity ..... Let Wisconsin prisoners have no doubt of the complete lack of merit of their Thirteenth amendment claims." See: Pischke v. Litscher, 178 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 1999).
Prisoners faced with the prospect of out of state exile in private prisons far from their communities will, as the court notes above, have no legal remedy or recourse in the courts. To change these practices will require organizing and activism on behalf of the prisoners themselves and their families and supports. Under the Thirteenth amendment prisoners are, and remain, slave chattel of the state to be managed as the state sees fit.
Several Wisconsin state prisoners filed habeas corpus petitions in federal court challenging the constitutionality of Wis.Stat.Ann. § 301.21(2m). This law authorizes Wisconsin prison officials to contract the captivity of Wisconsin prisoners to private prisons in other states. As previously reported in PLN, Wisconsin has over 4,000 of its prisoners being held in private prisons operated by Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) in Tennessee and Oklahoma. [PLN, Mar. 1999] The petitioners claimed that § 301.21(2m) violates the Thirteenth amendment to the US constitution. The district court dismissed the habeas petition. The appeals court affirmed.
As a preliminary matter, the court of appeals held that 42 U.S.C. § 1983, not habeas corpus, is the proper means by which to challenge a state statute. Simply put, habeas can be used only if a prisoner is seeking to "'get out' of custody in a meaningful sense." Habeas cannot, as a general rule, be used to challenge transfers between prisons.
Having concluded the challenge should have been brought as a section 1983 action, the court held dismissal of the habeas petitions was the proper course of action, as opposed to converting the petitions into § 1983 actions. The prisoners would therefore be free to refile the case as a section 1983 suit. The court held it would have been improper for the district court to simply convert the petitions itself.
Turning to the merits, the court advised the prisoners not to refile the petitions as § 1983 actions. Because "... they would be foolish to do so. They will merely waste their money and earn a strike. The claims are thoroughly frivolous. The Thirteenth amendment, which forbids involuntary servitude, has an express exception for persons imprisoned pursuant to conviction for crime. Nor are we pointed to or can we think of any other provision of the constitution that might be violated by the decision of a state to confine a convicted prisoner in a prison owned by a private firm rather than by a government. A number of cases assume the propriety of such confinements, ... and to our knowledge no judge has opined to the contrary.... A prisoner has a legally protected interest in the conduct of his keeper, but not in the keeper's identity ..... Let Wisconsin prisoners have no doubt of the complete lack of merit of their Thirteenth amendment claims." See: Pischke v. Litscher, 178 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 1999).
Prisoners faced with the prospect of out of state exile in private prisons far from their communities will, as the court notes above, have no legal remedy or recourse in the courts. To change these practices will require organizing and activism on behalf of the prisoners themselves and their families and supports. Under the Thirteenth amendment prisoners are, and remain, slave chattel of the state to be managed as the state sees fit.
Related legal case
Pischke v. Litscher
| Year | 1999 |
|---|---|
| Cite | 178 F. 3d 497 (7th cir. 1999) |
| Level | Court of Appeals |
Pischke v. Litscher, 178 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 05/21/1999)
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
[2] Nos. 98-4013 and 98-4148 No. 99-1659, No. 99-1721, No. 99-1728, No. 99-1800, No. 99-1832
[3] 178 F.3d 497, 1999
[4] May 21, 1999
[5] KEITH E. PISCHKE, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
JON E. LITSCHER, SECRETARY OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. EDDIE PETTIS, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. RANDY HANDELAND, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. MARK D. LESLIE, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
JON E. LITSCHER, SECRETARY OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. MARK P. NEAL, PETITIONER,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT. MARK P. NEAL, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 98 C 744--John C. Shabaz, Chief Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 154--Rudolph T. Randa, Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 135--Myron L. Gordon, Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 98 C 624--Barbara B. Crabb, Judge. On Motion for an Order Authorizing the District Court to Entertain a Second or Successive Petition for Collateral Review. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 255--Myron L. Gordon, Judge.
[7] Before Posner, Chief Judge, and Coffey and Evans, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Posner, Chief Judge.
[9] Submitted April 21, 1999
[10] A number of inmates of Wisconsin state prisons have recently sought habeas corpus in the federal district courts in Wisconsin in order to invalidate, under the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a Wisconsin statute that authorizes the prison authorities to enter into contracts with private prisons in other states for the confinement there of Wisconsin prisoners. Wis. Stat. Ann. sec. 301.21(2m). Some of the petitioners have already been transferred pursuant to the statute and the others have been notified that they soon will be. All the petitioners seek certificates of appealability to enable them to challenge the district court's denial of their petitions. One of them also seeks leave to file a third petition for habeas corpus challenging his transfer.
[11] Wisconsin is a proper venue for the petitions, 28 U.S.C. sec. 2241(d), and it is possible to seek habeas corpus with respect to a detention not yet commenced. Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 493 (1989); Nelson v. George, 399 U.S. 224 (1970); Peyton v. Rowe, 391 U.S. 54, 64-65 (1968). The petitions had, nevertheless, to be dismissed, and certificates of appealability have to be denied, because habeas corpus cannot be used to challenge a transfer between prisons, Falcon v. United States Bureau of Prisons, 52 F.3d 137, 139 (7th Cir. 1995); Graham v. Broglin, 922 F.2d 379, 381 (7th Cir. 1991), unless the custody in which the transferred prisoner will find himself when transferred is so much more restrictive than his former custody that the transfer can fairly be said to have brought about what in Graham we called "a quantum change in the level of custody." Id. We illustrated with a prisoner seeking "the run of the prison in contrast to the approximation to solitary confinement that is disciplinary segregation." Id. Even in such a case, the prisoner is unlikely to have a good claim that he has been deprived of his liberty. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 486 (1995). But that is a different question from whether the proper vehicle for presenting the claim is habeas corpus, which it is if but only if the prisoner is seeking to "get out" of custody in a meaningful sense. And that is not argued here. The challenge here is not to being in custody, but to the location in which one is in custody.
[12] These "petitions for habeas corpus" really then are challenges under 42 U.S.C. sec. 1983 to the conditions in which the inmates are being held or will be held in the private prisons to which they have been or will be transferred. Graham v. Broglin, supra, 922 F.2d at 381-82; Falcon v. United States Bureau of Prisons, supra, 52 F.3d at 139. People lawfully in custody still have constitutional rights which they can seek to vindicate by suits under section 1983 for damages or injunctive relief. But they must comply with the requirements of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, which differ in a number of respects (including filing fees) from the habeas corpus statute. Some of the district Judges, though recognizing that these suits are really section 1983 suits, processed them as habeas corpus suits, the form in which the suits had been filed. The Judges may have been influenced by our rulings that when a suit that should have been prosecuted under the habeas corpus statute is prosecuted as a civil rights suit instead, it should not be "converted" into a habeas corpus suit and decided on the merits. Moore v. Pemberton, 110 F.3d 22 (7th Cir. 1997) (per curiam); Copus v. City of Edgerton, 96 F.3d 1038 (7th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). It should simply be dismissed, leaving to the prisoner to decide whether to refile it as a petition for habeas corpus. The reasons are various, and include the fact that habeas corpus for state prisoners requires exhaustion of state remedies and that prisoners generally are limited to seeking federal habeas corpus only once. Conversion from habeas corpus to civil rights is somewhat less problematic, because section 1983 does not in general require exhaustion of state remedies. But dismissal of a 1983 suit will often count as a "strike" that may preclude future such suits (three strikes and you're out, in prisoner litigation as in baseball). Warned of this possibility, a prisoner might decide not to proceed under section 1983 after all, but instead to drop his claim.
[13] In light of these considerations, and without prejudice to revisiting the issue of conversion from habeas corpus to section 1983 in a case in which the issue is briefed, we shall affirm the orders of the district court as simple dismissals of these prisoners' habeas corpus applications. That will leave them free to refile their claims as civil rights suits under section 1983. But they would be foolish to do so. They will merely waste their money and earn a strike. The claims are thoroughly frivolous. The Thirteenth Amendment, which forbids involuntary servitude, has an express exception for persons imprisoned pursuant to conviction for crime. Nor are we pointed to or can think of any other provision of the Constitution that might be violated by the decision of a state to confine a convicted prisoner in a prison owned by a private firm rather than by a government. A number of cases assume the propriety of such confinements, Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U.S. 399, 405, 407 (1997); Spencer v. Lee, 864 F.2d 1376, 1378 (7th Cir. 1989) (en banc); Street v. Corrections Corp. of America, 102 F.3d 810, 814 (6th Cir. 1996); one Judge has said the practice is constitutional, Pineaud v. County of Suffolk, 52 F.3d 1139, 1161-62 (1995) (separate opinion); and to our knowledge no Judge has opined to the contrary. The Wisconsin statute authorizing transfers to private prisons requires those prisons to adhere to "the same standards of reasonable and humane care as the prisoners would receive in an appropriate Wisconsin institution," Wis. Stat. Ann. sec. 301.21(2m)(a)(7), and no evidence has been presented that this requirement is being or will be flouted, let alone that the private prisons will fall below federal (Eighth Amendment) standards for the treatment of prisoners. A prisoner has a legally protected interest in the conduct of his keeper, but not in the keeper's identity. See Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238 (1983). Let Wisconsin prisoners have no doubt of the complete lack of merit of their Thirteenth Amendment claims.
[14] The applications for certificates of appealability, for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, and for leave to file a third petition challenging the legality of the transfers are all
[15] Denied.
[1] U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
[2] Nos. 98-4013 and 98-4148 No. 99-1659, No. 99-1721, No. 99-1728, No. 99-1800, No. 99-1832
[3] 178 F.3d 497, 1999
[4] May 21, 1999
[5] KEITH E. PISCHKE, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
JON E. LITSCHER, SECRETARY OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. EDDIE PETTIS, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. RANDY HANDELAND, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. MARK D. LESLIE, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
JON E. LITSCHER, SECRETARY OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE. MARK P. NEAL, PETITIONER,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT. MARK P. NEAL, PETITIONER-APPELLANT,
v.
KENNETH SONDALLE, RESPONDENT-APPELLEE.
[6] Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 98 C 744--John C. Shabaz, Chief Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 154--Rudolph T. Randa, Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 135--Myron L. Gordon, Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 98 C 624--Barbara B. Crabb, Judge. On Motion for an Order Authorizing the District Court to Entertain a Second or Successive Petition for Collateral Review. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 99 C 255--Myron L. Gordon, Judge.
[7] Before Posner, Chief Judge, and Coffey and Evans, Circuit Judges.
[8] The opinion of the court was delivered by: Posner, Chief Judge.
[9] Submitted April 21, 1999
[10] A number of inmates of Wisconsin state prisons have recently sought habeas corpus in the federal district courts in Wisconsin in order to invalidate, under the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a Wisconsin statute that authorizes the prison authorities to enter into contracts with private prisons in other states for the confinement there of Wisconsin prisoners. Wis. Stat. Ann. sec. 301.21(2m). Some of the petitioners have already been transferred pursuant to the statute and the others have been notified that they soon will be. All the petitioners seek certificates of appealability to enable them to challenge the district court's denial of their petitions. One of them also seeks leave to file a third petition for habeas corpus challenging his transfer.
[11] Wisconsin is a proper venue for the petitions, 28 U.S.C. sec. 2241(d), and it is possible to seek habeas corpus with respect to a detention not yet commenced. Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 493 (1989); Nelson v. George, 399 U.S. 224 (1970); Peyton v. Rowe, 391 U.S. 54, 64-65 (1968). The petitions had, nevertheless, to be dismissed, and certificates of appealability have to be denied, because habeas corpus cannot be used to challenge a transfer between prisons, Falcon v. United States Bureau of Prisons, 52 F.3d 137, 139 (7th Cir. 1995); Graham v. Broglin, 922 F.2d 379, 381 (7th Cir. 1991), unless the custody in which the transferred prisoner will find himself when transferred is so much more restrictive than his former custody that the transfer can fairly be said to have brought about what in Graham we called "a quantum change in the level of custody." Id. We illustrated with a prisoner seeking "the run of the prison in contrast to the approximation to solitary confinement that is disciplinary segregation." Id. Even in such a case, the prisoner is unlikely to have a good claim that he has been deprived of his liberty. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 486 (1995). But that is a different question from whether the proper vehicle for presenting the claim is habeas corpus, which it is if but only if the prisoner is seeking to "get out" of custody in a meaningful sense. And that is not argued here. The challenge here is not to being in custody, but to the location in which one is in custody.
[12] These "petitions for habeas corpus" really then are challenges under 42 U.S.C. sec. 1983 to the conditions in which the inmates are being held or will be held in the private prisons to which they have been or will be transferred. Graham v. Broglin, supra, 922 F.2d at 381-82; Falcon v. United States Bureau of Prisons, supra, 52 F.3d at 139. People lawfully in custody still have constitutional rights which they can seek to vindicate by suits under section 1983 for damages or injunctive relief. But they must comply with the requirements of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, which differ in a number of respects (including filing fees) from the habeas corpus statute. Some of the district Judges, though recognizing that these suits are really section 1983 suits, processed them as habeas corpus suits, the form in which the suits had been filed. The Judges may have been influenced by our rulings that when a suit that should have been prosecuted under the habeas corpus statute is prosecuted as a civil rights suit instead, it should not be "converted" into a habeas corpus suit and decided on the merits. Moore v. Pemberton, 110 F.3d 22 (7th Cir. 1997) (per curiam); Copus v. City of Edgerton, 96 F.3d 1038 (7th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). It should simply be dismissed, leaving to the prisoner to decide whether to refile it as a petition for habeas corpus. The reasons are various, and include the fact that habeas corpus for state prisoners requires exhaustion of state remedies and that prisoners generally are limited to seeking federal habeas corpus only once. Conversion from habeas corpus to civil rights is somewhat less problematic, because section 1983 does not in general require exhaustion of state remedies. But dismissal of a 1983 suit will often count as a "strike" that may preclude future such suits (three strikes and you're out, in prisoner litigation as in baseball). Warned of this possibility, a prisoner might decide not to proceed under section 1983 after all, but instead to drop his claim.
[13] In light of these considerations, and without prejudice to revisiting the issue of conversion from habeas corpus to section 1983 in a case in which the issue is briefed, we shall affirm the orders of the district court as simple dismissals of these prisoners' habeas corpus applications. That will leave them free to refile their claims as civil rights suits under section 1983. But they would be foolish to do so. They will merely waste their money and earn a strike. The claims are thoroughly frivolous. The Thirteenth Amendment, which forbids involuntary servitude, has an express exception for persons imprisoned pursuant to conviction for crime. Nor are we pointed to or can think of any other provision of the Constitution that might be violated by the decision of a state to confine a convicted prisoner in a prison owned by a private firm rather than by a government. A number of cases assume the propriety of such confinements, Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U.S. 399, 405, 407 (1997); Spencer v. Lee, 864 F.2d 1376, 1378 (7th Cir. 1989) (en banc); Street v. Corrections Corp. of America, 102 F.3d 810, 814 (6th Cir. 1996); one Judge has said the practice is constitutional, Pineaud v. County of Suffolk, 52 F.3d 1139, 1161-62 (1995) (separate opinion); and to our knowledge no Judge has opined to the contrary. The Wisconsin statute authorizing transfers to private prisons requires those prisons to adhere to "the same standards of reasonable and humane care as the prisoners would receive in an appropriate Wisconsin institution," Wis. Stat. Ann. sec. 301.21(2m)(a)(7), and no evidence has been presented that this requirement is being or will be flouted, let alone that the private prisons will fall below federal (Eighth Amendment) standards for the treatment of prisoners. A prisoner has a legally protected interest in the conduct of his keeper, but not in the keeper's identity. See Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238 (1983). Let Wisconsin prisoners have no doubt of the complete lack of merit of their Thirteenth Amendment claims.
[14] The applications for certificates of appealability, for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, and for leave to file a third petition challenging the legality of the transfers are all
[15] Denied.
